'HISTORY fondant' Islam (ARMY HISTORY, SENTENCE PASQUALINO Demitra)
need to deepen the "MUSLIM QUESTION ': After 11 September 2001, the day of the attack on the Twin Towers in New York, the Muslim question is the focus of world affairs. Some speak of a clash of civilizations and those who argue that the incompatibility between the two worlds just covers the violent Islam. All of us are called to understand what happened and how the situation will evolve. We think it appropriate, therefore, learn a little more 'knowledge of this part of the world, to which the prejudices and misinformation abound. So far we have traveled the world Starting from the economy and reaching the Muslim religion, and now, to pursue other peculiarities, the retrace in reverse. Something will already mentioned above, but you know that "it should be repeated."
7.4.2. Muhammad: Islam is considered a continuation and a restoration of Judaism and Christianity, but there is no doubt that his specific start with Mohammed, a figure that looms in the history of mankind, even for those who are not Muslim. Although a merchant caravan illiterate, about the year 610 Muhammad was of significant religious experiences in which he was inspired (or rather dictated) the Sublime Koran. In 612 he began his public ministry in Saudi Arabia where, at that time, there were three main religious orientations: Judaism, Christianity and polytheistic paganism.
Muhammad was the center of his preaching the fight against polytheism, saying that God, Allah, is a unique, one-man (in stark contrast to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity). Also announced the verdict of God with power over men with the severe punishment of sinners and abundant award of the righteous.
not being considered as the initiator of a new faith, Muhammad wanted to restore the worship of the God of Abraham, Moses and Jesus Christ (considered only as a great prophet.) This feeling of continuity with the past led him, at first, turning to pray and to pray towards Jerusalem.
Despite the disagreements and mistrust of the majority, the number of followers increased. After 10 years of preaching, however, Mohammed was forced to leave his city, Mecca, finding refuge in Yathrib, in what was then called Medina (Medinat to Nabi, ie City of the Prophet).
The flight from Mecca to Medina was a real breakthrough and was later chosen as the beginning of the Muslim (Hijra, 622 AD). In fact, abandoning his city and his family clan, Muhammad had only the people close firmly convinced of his mission (including a part of the family) with which to strengthen the bonds of faith, facing a very risky adventure.
Most of the inhabitants of Medina joined the preaching of Mohammed, but a strong core of Jewish resistance did. Islam and Judaism came to oppose it and it was in these circumstances that the prayer of Muhammad ceased to apply to Jerusalem, to begin to head toward Mecca.
The flight to Medina was not intended to avoid confrontation, but to be better prepared and, two years later, Muhammad will bring its first armed attack on Mecca (the battle of Badr, the year 624). After a series conflicts with the inhabitants of Mecca, there was first a cease-fire (628) and then a conquest of the city almost without a shot being fired. Conquered the capital (630), Muhammad easily obtained membership of the generality of the Arab tribes. It was thus to have, as well as a religious Muslim, a Muslim army, a Muslim territory and a Muslim state. Muhammad, however, could not continue his work because shortly after (632) caught him unexpectedly died in Medina, where he continued to reside and where today his tomb.
7.4.3. The first caliph 'rightly guided': After the death of Muhammad his followers elected a caliph (from khalifa, meaning successor) with the task of guiding the Muslim community, the path set by the Prophet. The caliphs could not change or adapt the teachings of Muhammad, but just put it into practice.
In the first four caliphs (632-661), the Muslim community remained essentially compact and their work is recognized as valid by the generality of Muslims. All four were "followers of the first hour," that Muhammad had followed since his flight to Medina and are defined as "rightly guided." To put it in Christian terms, the first four caliphs are a kind of "Apostles" of Mohammed, which is not usually called into question the validity work.
The first caliph was Abu Bakr (632-34), but his election was not considered binding by some Arab tribes, who regarded the submission to Muhammad not transferable to their successors. Abu Bakr, however, defeated them in battle and held the compact community. He gave it the street, however, to the endless series of internal conflicts which are still abundantly present. Abu Bakr (facilitated by the fact that it took the caliphate for only two years) was the only one of the four "rightly guided" to die a natural death: the other three will end up murdered at the hands of other Muslims, their opponents.
The second caliph was Omar (or Umar, 634-644), the great conqueror. The Arabian Peninsula was located behind the two great empires of the time (ie, the Byzantine and Persian) and nothing was expected that tens of thousands of Arabs would have destroyed one (Persian) and put the other on the ropes (the Byzantine ), and this in only 10 years! The amazing feat of Omar was made possible by the spontaneous conversion of conquered populations to Islam, so that they in turn became the new conquerors, fueling the chain reaction.
7.4.4. THE 'golden age' of Islam: In short, in a few years, Islam not only surpassed all, militarily, but also on culture and politics. On the military side, the first setback they have at Poitiers (732), politically, the West will regain the founding of the Holy Roman Empire (800), but on a cultural level will continue to look to the upper world of Islam for a thousand years! In fact it will be only after the advent of Humanism and the Renaissance (14th-16th century), which will imitate the West to Islam, rather than the reverse.
On the religious issue is more complex and can not be addressed in these pages, is there anyway to say that it is precisely on the religious front that the world of Islam shows its greatest strength. The secularised West shows, the costumes and casual family significantly affected by the establishment, so it is logical that the ethical-religious the West has little to say to a Muslim world strongly permeated by the sacred. Ironically, the Muslims have more in sympathy zealous Christians, rather than "secularized." To simplify the extreme, had only one Englishman (known as Lawrence of Arabia) to drive the Arabs, when Britain was still permeated by the rigid Puritan values, but now Muslims, morally judge severely the West.
This golden age of Islam is essential to understand the nostalgia and hopes that still pervade the Muslim world, where it is considered repeatable also currently the overthrow of empires dominant: if Allah wills ("Allah akbar," Allah is great "was the cry of War of the early Muslim armies and constantly echoes today in the world of Islam). In the next step we'll see more connections between the "founding story" and current affairs.
Fernando De Angelis http://puntoacroce.altervista.org/Proiezioni/305u-Cult_econom74_Mds.htm
05/07/2002, Updated: 01/05/2008
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