skandalon [scandal] is an expression of this in the Gospels that refers to an obstacle on which you stumble, a trap, a string: is associated with Satan. In terms Girardian, skandalon means an inability to move away from the rivalry that leads to all sorts of destructive practices and exemplifies the condition of the model-obstacle mentioned in the mimetic theory. This article considers five aspects of the scandal: the personifications, the rivalries, the models, religions and sacred violence, as manifested in the concepts of Satanism is that of terrorism. The similarities are davvero impressionanti e significative.
Mentre i media hanno trattato la tragedia americana dell'undici settembre 2001 prendendo in considerazione con coerenza e in modo appropriato il tema del terrorismo, vi è un altro concetto rilevante che compare ogni tanto sulla stampa ma che raramente è stato considerato in modo specifico. La convinzione degli estremisti islamici che gli Stati Uniti siano il "Grande Satana", le migliaia di persone che hanno parlato del volto di Satana visibile nelle fotografie del fumo che usciva dal World Trade Center (http://detnews.com/2001/nation/0109/19/a05-297999.htm o http://www.snopes2.com/rumors/wtcface.htm), e la natura essenzialmente maligna dell'atto compiuto suggeriscono la necessità to investigate Satanism. The concept of Satanism is difficult, scary and just as elusive is that of terrorism. For some, Satan is an evil being with a personality, for others it is a metaphor for the existence of evil, and many more is a myth arose from the biblical literature. But you can have any opinion on the reality of Satan, there is no doubt that Satan exists.
personifications
modern Satanism Satanism is a religion in American culture, as a genre film, music and art, and as a popular topic in the media. Satanism is a religion recognized by the U.S. federal government, with both di dottrine etiche, rituali specifici e veri credenti. Questa religione è ampiamente praticata nella società occidentale, sia in forma individuale che comunitaria, in chiese, rifugi e grotte sataniche. Come nel caso di altre religioni organizzate, le credenze variano tra le differenti sette e congregazioni, spaziando da forme di egoismo etico al culto di una specifica divinità. In molte sette, il satanismo è un rovescio del cristianesimo, e si possono trovare delle somiglianze tra il simbolismo e le pratiche rituali di ciascun gruppo. In questo lavoro presenterò una panoramica dei gruppi satanisti americani contemporanei, delle loro credenze e pratiche, ponendo in luce le differenze tra queste credenze e la visione del satanismo propria dell'estremismo islamico, e descrivendo come i satanisti americani moderni interpretino la tragedia dell'11 settembre dal loro particolare punto di vista. Infine, applicherò a queste manifestazioni di satanismo il concetto girardiano di violenza rituale, e specificamente quello di skandalon.
Il terrorismo moderno
Anche il terrorismo è presente nella cultura americana come una religione, come un genere filmico, musicale e artistico, come un ideale politico e come un argomento popolare nei media. Come il satanismo, il terrorismo è posto in atto da gruppi religiosi che professano dottrine etiche, rituali specifici, e sono composti da veri credenti. Queste forme religiose, cui ci si riferisce col nome di culti, milizie o cellule, sono ampiamente praticate in tutto il mondo, da individui singoli e da comunità, e comprendono Identità Cristiana, Aum Shinrikyo, fondamentalismo islamico e molte altre realtà. Come nel caso delle religioni organizzate, le credenze variano tra i differenti gruppi e derivazioni, andando da forme di purismo devozionale, teso al ritorno ad interpretazioni originarie e restrittive del testo sacro, fino al culto di un leader divinizzato. Si possono trovare somiglianze nelle ideologie razziste ed elitarie che incitano alla violenza, al terrorismo, al genocidio, e che vedono ogni altro gruppo come satanico o come espressione della perversa Babilonia. In questo lavoro presenterò una panoramica delle credenze e delle pratiche del terrorismo moderno che in particolare comprende il wahabismo, la religione di Osama bin Laden e di quasi tutti i terroristi musulmani devoti fin dal diciottesimo secolo. Mostrerò come i terroristi giustifichino i loro atti violenti con argomenti teologici affermando che la cultura americana è completamente satanica. Infine applicherò il concetto girardiano di violenza rituale, e specificamente quello di skandalon, a queste forme di terrorismo.
Rivalità
Definizione di satanismo
Definire il satanismo è problematico perché si tratta di un concetto relativo determinato dalle prospettive teologiche, morali, politiche, sociologiche e legali di ciascun gruppo. Fondamentalmente, il dio di un uomo è il diavolo di un altro uomo. Da una prospettiva teologica cristiana fondamentalista, qualsiasi pratica religiosa diversa dal cristianesimo è considerata satanica, e da una prospettiva islamica fondamentalista ogni pratica religiosa diversa dall'islamismo è considerata satanica. Questo deriva da una interpretazione restrittiva di proibizioni identiche che si trovano sia nella Bibbia che nel Corano. Il Corano 28.70 afferma: "Ed Egli è Allah, non vi è altro dio che Lui". E la Bibbia in Esodo, 20. 2-3 afferma: "Io sono il Signore tuo Dio…Tu non avrai altri dèi al di fuori di Me". Uno dei risultati di queste proibizioni è stato una storia di guerre sante; un altro è stato che alcuni hanno rinunciato a Dio per abbracciare il satanismo. I satanisti moderni ammettono chiaramente that their religion is anti-God, and for them it is irrelevant whether it is the God of the Christian Bible or the Koran dell'Allah. However, this does not mean that all modern Satanists are devil worshipers. The alternative includes contemporary Satanism is the worship of Satan as an entity that is a personification of evil, and the glorification of what he represents. Other features include Satanism beliefs based on a form of hedonism or egoism. There are also many contemporary Satanists who identify themselves in pagan pre-monotheistic beliefs.
Historically, Satan has been attributed to groups identified as heretics simply because their practices deviate from the strict orthodoxy cristiana o islamica. Oggi, molte religioni non tradizionali, specialmente quelle che implicano delle pratiche occulte, come santeria, voodoo, wicca e druidismo, sono spesso catalogate come sataniche. Tra gli studiosi dei nuovi movimenti religiosi questo ha scatenato un dibattito molto acceso. Questi generalmente ricadono entro tre categorie: studiosi contrari ai culti, che enfatizzano i danni che potenzialmente possono derivare dai nuovi gruppi religiosi; apologisti dei culti, che enfatizzano la libertà religiosa; organizzazioni che si oppongono ai culti, che si oppongono ai gruppi religiosi sul terreno teologico. Il dibattito è complesso ed è in corso. La posizione contraria ai culti circa il satanismo sostiene che esso esiste in una varietà di religious individuals and groups, some of which are responsible for serious crimes. The position apologetic claims that this is a new religious movement by the positive nature and that allegations of crimes are due to forms of fear related to Satan and urban legends. The position of opposition to cults claiming, an Orthodox perspective, any group that differs from the true religion is heretical and / or satanic. So Satanism is a cultural construct that varies depending on the time and place and is intrinsically intertwined with issues of religious freedom, even if that freedom entails the subjugation and injury to other people.
Defining terrorism
As the definitions of Satanism, the definitions of terrorism are problematic because it too is a relative concept, determined by the theological, moral, political, sociological and moral of each group. After all, one who is a terrorist for one another is a freedom fighter. You can meet many conflicting definitions of terrorism, each depending on the perspective of the author. Like what you see in the debate between the anti-cult and cult apologists current among scholars of religious movements which attempt to trace the line of religious freedom, political philosophers and legal scholars attempt to distinguish between political freedoms, terrorism, anarchy and justice.
The FBI terrorism fits within two general categories: domestic and international. Domestic terrorism is defined as "The unlawful use or threat of violence by a group or an individual whose base is only within the U.S. or in their territories without foreign direction, and with targeted people or property with intent to intimidate or coerce a government or population to achieve political or social objectives. The international terrorism as defined by the 'FBI includes "violent, or dangerous to human life, violating the laws criminals in the United States or other countries, or to be a criminal violation se commessi entro la giurisdizione degli Stati Uniti o di altri stati, e miranti ad intimorire o coartare la popolazione civile, influenzare la politica governativa, o influire sul comportamento di un governo".
Il concetto di violenza è intrinseco alla definizione del terrorismo, ma questo non fa altro che complicare ulteriormente il problema, perché non tutti gli atti di violenza sono considerati negativi. Un'opinione politica considererà terrorismo un atto che un'altra opinione riterrà vendetta giustificabile. Ancora, la distinzione tra terrorismo e vendetta dipende dalla percezione di chi è stato offeso per primo. Questo è esemplificato dalle somiglianze che presentano i discorsi del presidente Bush e di Osama bin Laden dopo September 11, speeches in which each accuses the other of being a terrorist. "And there are civilians in Iraq, innocent children are killed every day without having any guilt." "The Americans have known surprise attacks, but never until now thousands of attacks against civilians." "Muslims, this is the day of application. This is a new (inaudible) against you, against all Muslims and Medina. So be like the followers of the Prophet, peace be upon him, and all compatriots who love God and the Prophet, and a new battle, a great battle ... "" I ask you to uphold the values \u200b\u200bof America and remember why so many have come here. We are fighting for our principles, e la nostra prima responsabilità è quella di vivere secondo essi". "Fate sapere al mondo intero che noi non accetteremo mai che la tragedia dell'Andalusia si ripeta in Palestina". "Non dimenticherò mai questa ferita alla nostra patria, o quelli che l'hanno inferta." I toni dei discorsi sono così simili che potrebbe essere difficile identificare chi viene citato. (Trascrizione del discorso del presidente Bush: http://http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html; trascrizione del video di Osama bin Laden: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/world/DailyNews/strike_binladentrans011007.html .)
In un recente articolo su Le Monde, René Girard ha commentato la recente crisi descrivendo terrorism as a form of mimetic competition on a global scale. "The mistake is always to think using the category of 'difference', when the root of all conflicts is rather the 'competition', the mimetic rivalry between people, nations and cultures. Competition is the desire to imitate ' another in order to achieve the same thing that has, by force if necessary "(http://www.lemonde.fr/article/o ,5987,3230 - 239636-, 00.html). Imitation and competition are not only evident in the speeches of Osama bin Laden and President Bush, they appear identical in their desire to protect their beliefs with the violent imposition of their ideology. Eric Gans has described the ongoing conflict in terms of resentment from the point of view of its original model of reciprocity in "Window of Opportunity" Chronicle 248 (http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/views/vw248.htm). Basically, Gans argues that, since every social order generates resentment, the current conflict is not a clash of religions or cultures but a battle between civilization and those who drive those whose resentment is so strong that they do want the destruction . Although Gans makes it clear that terrorism is unacceptable, he argues that one can never fully eliminate the source of terrorism because "Any claims of an ethical model that has practical application must be accepted the possibility that there are individuals and groups within the society, who consider it unfair and long for its destruction, even if it involves their own destruction. "The problem is that there are no means acceptable to delay this resentment. Terrorism is a cultural construct that varies depending on the time and place and is intrinsically intertwined with issues of political freedom, even if this involves the subjugation and injury to other people.
Models
Types of Satanism
The types of Satanism as the definitions are so problematic, since it is a cultural construction on which is generally is defined by its opponents. There are additional controversies concerning the very existence of some satanic groups. Following these discussions, to present a shared type is particularly difficult. It 'important to note that the study of Satanism is in a germinal stage: basic demographic data and ethnological remain to be established, and it is unclear whether it is accurate information available. However, after examining proposals for classification by a variety of sources, I was able to identify four general categories, although it may be referred to them by different names or only for the purposes of sentencing.
These categories are: 1) Satanists religious organized, 2) traditional Satanists / intergenerational, 3) these self-styled Satanists, 4) of the youth subculture Satanists. These categories are designed in a flexible way and not excluding one another. In addition to these four main categories, sometimes uses another classification to differentiate Satanists: Satanic groups can be characterized as atheists or theists. Satanists theists give glory to what they imagine that represents Satan, they worship Satan or other deities as incarnations of an evil being. Finally, there are many other occult organizations which, although not specifically satanic rituals and practices are similar, eg. many religions vampire, goth and fetish environment [see on this website Blood rituals].
Satanists religious
organized religion is Satanism in churches and groups with different varieties of Satanic beliefs. Religious Satanists are also known as "true believers", people who are seriously engaged in the beliefs, principles, rituals and ideologies of a satanic religion. Currently in the United States some satanic churches are recognized by the government as religions and, therefore, are not only protected by the First Amendment, but also enjoy exemption from taxes. There are many satanic American churches and a variety of other religious organizations that openly practice Satanism, many of which have pages websites on the Internet that provide information on their beliefs and practices and allow for membership on line. Satanism is often referred to talking about the Left Hand Path, occultism, black magic, or the Dark Arts and several similar groups use the same designations.
Because of the provocative nature of this religion, the Internet has become the primary source of significant growth of the satanic. The Network provides a great forum to recruit new followers, information dissemination and exchange of ideas. There are hundreds of websites of organizations, churches, support groups, supply of materials for occult rituals, and everything about the Left Hand Path. In addition to individual websites, There are libraries, chat rooms, message boards and resource sites. To cite just some of the most active among the resource sites on the web, we have The Satanic Network (http://www.satannet.com/), The Australian Satanic Council (http://www.satanic.org.au/) , Devil Spawn (http://www.geocities.com/satanism_au/index.html), and The 600 Club, whose name is a deliberate parody of the Christian 700 club (http://the600club.net/cgi-bin/ community / index.pl). Web sites are so numerous that there are satanic several awards that are presented to the best sites, including Lucifer's Top List of Darkness and Tomb. Some of those who submit the winners are the owners of websites that present the results, with appropriate hyperlinks. Among them, The Fire Within Top 100, The Satanic Best Sites on the Internet (http://members.hostedscripts.com/top.cgi?user=TheDevil), and Blacklist Top 100, which is really disturbing because it offers links to sites of violent pornography, torture, murder and images of real (http://www.damnage.com/BlackList/index.shtml).
Finally, as it may seem unimaginable, there is Radio Free Satan, which broadcasts 24 hours a day, and is advertised on the Internet as the voice of Satan (http://www.live365.com/cgi-bin/directory.cgi ? autostart = jallee). The Church of Satan has just announced the start of transmissions of Satanism Today, another Internet radio station, whose stated goal is to publicize the philosophy of this church and propaganda. These programs have in the lineup the following points: news from the standpoint of satanic satanic applications of the theory to everyday life, functional and practical magic of different levels, with a new guest each week and much more.
The American Satanic churches are known and more established the Church of Satan (The Church of Satan [CoS]) and The Temple of Set (The Temple of Set [TOS]), which in the following section will describe in detail. It 'worth noting that we often refer to religious organizations satanic with the first initials of their names, but not significantly these initial are read as acronyms. Among other satanic organizations have included the First Church of Satan [FCOs] (http://www.churchofsatan.org/main.html), the Cult of Mastema [CoM] (http://www.geocities.com/satanism_au / library / genintro.html), the Ordo Templi Satanis [OTS] (http://www.satanist.net/satan/satanism/Ots/Ots.htm), the Church of Lucifer [COL] (http:// www.churchoflucifer.org/), the Ordo Left Vivendi [OSV] (http://www.geocities.com/satanism_au/library/svrc.html). There are many Orders, Caves, Huts and pylons of the main churches, and a significant number of independent groups, less well known, many of which also have pages on the Internet. Although it is difficult determine numbers and location of members, many are located in the United States, Europe and Australia can be found on every continent except Antarctica. In Africa and South America occult black magic is practiced in the context of indigenous religions, which may recruit the small ears satanic Westerners realize that the churches in these two continents. In many states organized satanic groups are not tolerated and must remain illegal. Although the ideologies of these groups may be highly offensive to the more traditional religions, it is generally believed that religious Satanists are broadly law-abiding citizens whose business practices are rarely known illegal. However, this has been questioned in the declaration of many survivors and victims of occult-related crimes, who claim that these groups are just a cover for criminal acts.
traditional Satanists / intergenerational
It is believed that the traditional Satanists form a secret cult international and highly organized, engaged in a series of criminal activities, such as arson, the ritual abuse, sexual violence, incest, child abduction, child pornography, ritual murder involving mutilation, dismemberment, and sometimes cannibalism. Similar to the Satanists religious, traditional Satanists are known as "real believers ", they are exceptionally related to their beliefs, which represent a radical fundamentalist version of the satanic religion. They are also called generational or intergenerational Satanists. Some members claim to have been bred in this belief system, going back several generations. From the point Ideologically, the traditional Satanists worship Satan as the evil supernatural being described in the New Testament, and their religious practices include blood rituals, animal sacrifices and human, and a variety of sadistic sexual rituals intended to glorify Satan. Satanists on religious described all strongly deny being involved in such activity, and those who consider that successful operators defamation. Because of the lack of evidence, many scholars, members of the satanic churches, mental health specialists, and a large portion of the public think that these statements are urban myths, false memories and a form of satanic panic. But although there has been no studies to determine the frequency with which it occurs, there is factual evidence of a practice of traditional Satanism.
Examples of criminal cases involving alleged traditional Satanists there is the infamous McMartin asylum process, which lasted six years and was the first case of child abuse with many victims and many perpetrators. Starting with the March 1984, 208 counts of abuse of less, concerning 40 children were challenged to 7 adults, the two owners of the school, the son of one of the owners, and four teachers. In January 1986, a new district attorney dropped all charges against five of the adults were 52 charges against Ray Buckey and 20 charges against Peggy Buckey, including one of conspiracy. Some years later, in August 1990, another jury was unable to agree on the verdict and the prosecution gave up groped to obtain a conviction. This case stimulated many similar proceedings, including those who believe that such abuses will not occur talked in terms of the witch hunt. This process was also an event national media, and inspired many books, studies and films. Other popular and controversial descriptions of victims of satanic ritual satanic and entire communities are practicing traditional Satanism in classic books (they are wise, but some say they are fictional) Michelle Remembers and Satan's High Priest. The website lists 41 ReligiousTolerance.org court cases, with many victims and many accused, involving allegations of ritual abuse (# http://www.religioustolerance.org/ra_case.htm us). The authors provide hyperlinks for those who want more details about the cases but the reader must note that according to their point of view of satanic ritual abuse does not occur. For an objective description and informative debates and issues concerning satanic ritual abuse, see http://www.gospelcom.net/apologeticsindex/s05.html. As an example of satanic ritual abuse debate, you can see an article entitled "Satanism: Skeptics Abound" to http://www.xeper.org/pub/tos/archives/satskep.html.
these self-styled Satanists
these self-styled Satanists are individual or individuals involved in Satanism, or belong to small groups and poorly organized. The self-styled Satanists are sub-classified as "amateurs", people involved in occult activities occasionally out of curiosity, or as "real criminals" who use the occult as an excuse to justify or rationalize their criminal behavior. The rituals and belief systems of the amateurs and real criminals are in some cases entirely invented by individuals, with the combination of a variety of traditions, from the imitated in other media images / cultural practices satanic. The self-styled Satanists are not considered true believers, since their primary interest is usually the acquisition of personal power, a material gain or gratification through criminal activity rather than spiritual Satanic worship. Religious Satanists are offended by the statements and actions of the self-styled Satanists who make a bad publicity to their already controversial religion.
Some self-styled Satanists are given to criminal activities, ranging from child molestation to murder and mutilation of animals, and their crimes are in line with their self-produced ideologies. E 'in this type of Satanism that fits most of the ritualistic crimes: satanic ritual abuse is often confused with a form of sexual or sadistic serial murder. A classic example of self-styled Satanist is Richard Ramirez, dubbed "The Night Stalker" who terrorized Los Angeles in 1985, breaking into people's homes, raping, torturing, murdering and mutilating his victims, and - this is the most interesting thing - forcing to declare their love for Satan. Between spring and summer of 1985, Ramirez committed over twenty attacks. In 1989, Ramirez was convicted of thirteen murders and in the process made the famous gesture of raising his hand with a pentagram on it saying "Hail, Satan." This is currently in prison awaiting execution at San Quentin and is totally devoted to Satan. For more information about Richard Ramirez, see http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shadowlands/4077/ramirez.html.
of youth subculture Satanists
of youth subculture Satanists are like those we have called self-styled Satanists, but their interest in Satanism is usually transient and do not necessarily lead to development criminals. The youth subculture Satanists are a sub-amateur: they are adolescents and young adults who are usually introduced to Satanism through music, film, Internet and other media. Very often these young adults are turning to the occult because of a deep sense of alienation from mainstream culture and spiritual traditions in force. Eventually they return to more traditional beliefs or are recruited by one of the many religious organizations satanic. Their rituals are becoming more challenging for the duration of their commitment to Satanism, starting with the simplest spells sometimes to reach the animal and human sacrifice. The crimes commonly committed by youth subculture Satanists include vandalism, arson, grave desecration, mutilation of animals, school violence, and sometimes murder. Depending on their level of seriousness at the time of their involvement, they may also be considered temporary true believers.
There are many examples of crimes committed by youth subculture Satanists. Examples of the most serious crimes of murder and massacre were perpetrated in the case is one of the sixteen year old Luke Woodham, who on October 1, 1997 in Pearl Mississippi, stabbed to death his mother, and then went to school and opened the fire with a rifle, killing two of his comrades and wounding seven. Luke Woodham was part of a group of youths who had embraced Satanism. His brothers, members of a group called the Kroth, which aimed at the destruction of his opponents and practiced satanic cult, had taught Luke in the idea that the murder was an acceptable means for achieving the goals of the shared belief system ( http://www.cnn.com/US/9806/11/school.shooting.03/index.html # links). Another example of this is to Chiavenna in Italy June 6, 2000, when three teenage girls brutally murdered a nun, Mary Laura Manetti, having formed their own Satanic group, which, they said, was under the influence of the texts of heavy music Marilyn Manson metal. (See http://www.petersvoice.com/nunmurder3.htm and http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/article.asp?ID=4607&type=NWS .) Numerous murders and suicides have been attributed to the influence of media and cultural Satanism.
Anti-Satanism
A typology of satanism would be incomplete if it did not mention the organizations created to combat Satanism, which among other things was responsible for the development of the categories used above. They are variously referred to as anticult organizations, controculto and observation groups. For an in depth look within these categories, Apologetics Index contains an extensive archive of articles, papers, comments and materials. The Apologetics Index claims to provide "research materials on religious cults, sects, new religious movements, alternative religions, apologetics controculto and anticult organizations, doctrines, religious practices and world views. These materials reflect a variety of theological perspectives and / or sociological. "(8) Although this is an organization that calls itself Christian and controculto, however many pages it provides an objective perspective surprisingly (http://www.gospelcom. net/apologeticsindex/c11.html).
anticult Among the groups most popular is the Cult Awareness Network (CAN), which began as an information center on cults with a mission to educate the public and provide support to victims of cults and their families. CAN caused a scandal when it was sued by the Church of Scientology that forced her to quit, took possession of all his records, bought brand logo and so on. through bankruptcy, and now is using it in his version. The American Family Foundation, founded in 1979, is a research and educational organization whose mission is to study psychological manipulation and cult groups, educate the public and assist those who have suffered losses from its experience of the cults. The Watchman Fellowship is considered the main Christian ministry controcultuale: among its resources, there are more than 9,000 files and a library of 35,000 volumes on religious groups and cults dangerous, and occultism. The primary purpose
organizations that propose anticult we have mentioned are the protection of their people from external violence and the preservation of its way of life. Looking at the religions of modern Satanists will become apparent as their primary objectives are identical to those of their rivals. Significantly, all models of Satanism above are not classified by the groups themselves but by outside organizations in such groups, is an example of what they are mimetic rivalry and the model-obstacle. Types of terrorism
The types of terrorism are defined as problematic, and for similar reasons: terrorism is a cultural construct defined by its opponents. The most important source categories of terrorism in the ideological perspective of the U.S. government can be found in a report submitted to the parliamentary committee devoted to the U.S. Senate, May 10, 2001, Louis J. Freeh, Director Federal Bureau Investigation (FBI), entitled "The terrorist threat to the United States" (http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/freeh051001.htm). The report envisaged before the Sept. 11 terrorist events accurately describing the current recent trends, statistics, arrests and investigation of acts of terrorism. International terrorism
Classification of terrorism that the FBI made a distinction between international and domestic is based on geography and not on the target of terrorist behavior. According to FBI typology, international terrorism is divided into two subcategories, based on the organization of the various structural groups: highly independent, formal terrorist organizations, and states that sponsor terrorism. The first category of international terrorism, the extremists independent, includes Sunni Islamic extremists like Osama bin Laden and those who are affiliated to Al-Qaeda
- individuals of different nationalities, ethnic groups, tribes and races and groups Sunni extremists that support terrorism to reach their goals. The common element among all these individuals is all of which are involved in international jihad movement, whose ideology includes the promotion of violence against "enemies of Islam" in order to break all the governments which are not governed by Islamic law for conservation. With an intuition of the American tragedy to come, in the parliamentary report of May 10, 2001 terrorists were considered independent, the most significant threat to the U.S., they will be designed to bring large-scale attacks and high profile, with many victims, against the interests and U.S. citizens.
The second category of international terrorism, that of formal terrorist organizations, including extremist groups like Hamas in Palestine, IRA Irish, Egyptian Al-Gama Al-Islamiyya, and the Lebanese Hezbollah. These are characterized as autonomous, generally transnational, that have facilities, personnel, funding and training camps of its own. Are also present in the U.S., with members engaged in fundraising, recruitment, and intelligence operations. In addition, they maintain operational networks in America and support. Before Sept. 11, Hezbollah caused the deaths of more Americans than any other terrorist group.
The third category of international terrorism is the one represented by states that sponsor terrorism, or countries who see terrorism as an instrument of foreign policy. At the time of the May 10 parliamentary report, the State Department lists seven countries as state sponsors of terrorism: Iran, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, Syria, Cuba and North Korea. Iran represented the greatest threat to the U.S. for its financial and logistical support to anti-Western acts of terror committed by others.
domestic terrorism domestic terrorism also has three subcategories, but these are based on ideologies of different groups, designated as right-wing extremist groups, left-wing extremist groups, extremist groups and special interest. The far-right groups are characterized by attachment to the principles of racial supremacy and the fact that profess anti-government beliefs and antistatuali. The formal groups based on hatred of right, which represent a permanent threat of terrorism at the national level, including the World Church of the Creator (WCOTC) and the group Aryan Nations, hatred based on racism remains an integral component of basic guidelines of these groups. Another group that belongs to this category is the Southeastern States Alliance, an organization branched militias in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama and other states of the south-west, a group that had planned to raid the arms caches of the National Guard in 1999. The goal of this group was to create a social and political chaos that pushed the U.S. government to declare martial law, an act in their minds that would lead to her brutal killing by the American people. Two of the seven planned terrorist attacks in 1999 were potentially large-scale and large numbers of casualties.
The second category of domestic terrorism concerns and Puerto Rican extremist groups on the left who consider themselves protectors of the people against the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and imperialism. Generally profess a revolutionary socialist doctrine and believe in the possibility to make a change by revolution rather than political action. Some of these groups aim to achieve a complete independence of Puerto Rico from the U.S.. These extremist groups are the Puerto Rican separatist Armed Forces for Puerto Rican National Liberation, the FALN, Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacion Nacional Puertorriquena, and Los Machesteros. The FALN carried out bomb attacks in the U.S. territory, especially in and around New York, and Los Macheteros are suspected in the outbreak of three bombs in Puerto Rico.
The third category of domestic terrorism is given by the extremists with special interests that differ from those of the left and right in what they aim at solving specific problems rather than to overthrow the entire political system. They commit acts of politically motivated violence in order to alert the community about their specific causes. These groups costiyuiscono the extreme fringes of animal rights movements, for life, environmentalists, antinuclear, and so on. The best-known for vandalism and terrorist activity are the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and Earth Liberation Front (ELF), which caused damage worth millions of dollars to companies that consider hostile environment or animal rights.
Current trends of terrorism
In addition, the type of 'FBI includes a category called "current trends of modern terrorism." These fall within two categories: weapons of mass destruction, which includes what is called bio-terrorism, and the use of the Internet to commit acts of terrorism, including what is known as cyber-terrorism. The weapons of mass destruction include chemical, biological and radioactive. An emergency response to an aspiring terrorist manual, published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency for training of those who must give an initial response in situations requiring medical assistance, fire prevention, or treatment of hazardous materials, lists five categories of accidents of a terrorist nature. The acronym B-NICE is a simple way to remind all five: Biological, Nuclear, Arsonist, chemical and explosive. FEMA also lists the four modes of entry: inhalation, absorption, ingestion and injection, and the four common types of biological agents: bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, and toxins. The FEMA manual describes the handling of incidents biological, nuclear, incendiary and chemical. Chemical agents fall into five classes: nerve agents, blistering agents, choking agents and irritants, and they describe the effects with horrifying details. (9)
statistics attached to the communication of parliamentary 'May 10, 2001 the FBI say that between 1997 and 2000, the FBI has handled 779 reports of weapons of mass destruction, which were generally involved individuals or small groups. Most of these cases turned out to be uninteresting, and the two agents most involved in the investigation were the biological toxin ricin and the bacterial agent anthrax. It 'amazing that, although toxin ricin has been found to actually present in some cases, no agent anthrax was discovered in any legal investigation in the United States, although, in 2000, 90 of the 115 alleged biological attacks on which they investigated involved the use of anthrax. In a recent parliamentary statement specifically relating to bioterrorism, dated November 6, 2001 (http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/caruso110601.htm), back to the events of September 11 and the tragic death of five persons due from anthrax, the FBI claims to have handled some 7,089 suspicious anthrax letters, of 950 incidents in which they were involved weapons of mass destruction, and an estimated 29,331 telephone calls about suspicious packages. The report classifies the potential bioterrorism threats into two categories, indoor and outdoor emissions, which are based on how the biological agent is released within the community. Such a scenario implies that the open release of the agent is announced, not revealed until an issue covered in the individuals do not manifest symptoms.
Terrorists are increasingly using the Internet for recruitment, for communication between cells and individuals to raise funds and spread their propaganda. Other uses include terrorist attacks on Internet websites and e-mail server of government, and attempts to saturate the system with e-mail. Cyberterrorism is the use of cyber tools to kill or harm national infrastructure such as energy, transport or government departments in order to coerce or intimidate a government or a civilian population. Anti-terrorism
As with Satanism, a type of terrorism would be incomplete without the mention of the organizations created specifically to eliminate terrorism, and which was responsible for the allocation of terrorists to the above categories. The name varies from organization to counter-terrorism organizations controterroristiche groups of observation. The FBI and other U.S. government agencies have divisions controterroristiche; promulgation of legislation and mobilize armies to apply anti-terrorism laws. Among the most notable recent examples include the USA Patriot Act, an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and obstructive Terrorism Act of 2001, which aims is to deter and punish terrorists worldwide and enhancing the investigative tools available to law enforcement (http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:HR3162.ENR:) the Aviation and Transportation Security Act to strengthen aviation security ( http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:S.1447.ENR:), and the Authorization for Use of Military Force authorizes the U.S. military to take action against those who are guilty of recent attacks launched against the United States (http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:SJRES.23.ENR:). For a full account of legislation relating to the 11 September 2001, see the website of the Library of Congress or the Thomas legislative information on the Internet (http://thomas.loc.gov/home/terrorleg.htm) . In addition to government legislation, there are many private groups of observation on terrorism, the Terrorism Research Center, committed to updating the public on the phenomena of terrorism and information warfare (http://www.terrorism.com/index.shtml ), and the Emergency Response and Research Institute, which provides news, information, analysis and coverage of disasters and cases of extreme emergency. The institute, which has the http://www.emergency.com/ website contains a page dedicated to controterroristiche operations that presents a list of events and terrorist groups around the world, with the strategies and tactics of terrorism (http : / / www.emergency.com / cntrterr.htm). The draft intelligence of the Southern Poverty Law Center's attempts to identify based on hate groups operating in the U.S. (http://www.splcenter.org/intelligenceproject/ip-index.html). Even the terrorists have their own internal observation groups: an example is a web site for lovers of white supremacy called Jew Watch, a response to Hatewatch, who claims to keep a close watch Jewish communities and organizations around the world (http://www.jewwatch.com/).
The primary purpose of these counter-terrorism organizations are protecting their people from external violence and the preservation of its way of life. By examining the modern religion of the terrorists will become apparent as they share these goals.
Anthropoetics 7, no. 2 (Fall 2001 / Winter 2002)
Satanists and terrorists (I) Dawn Perlmutter
Director,
Institute for the Research of Organized and Ritual Violence
dperlmutter@ritualviolence.com
translation by Fabio Brotto
brottof @ libero.it
www.bibliosophia.homestead.com / Copertina.html
http://www.bibliosofia.net/files/SATANISTI_E_TERRORISTI.htm
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